Poland's foreign policy towards neighboring countries: The period 1933-1939

The continuation of the policy of A. Skshinsky was manifested in the strategy of A. Zaleski and J. Beck. In addition to multilateral agreements, Beck's concept also included attempts to build the external security of the Second Polish Republic through bilateral agreements. The Locarno Treaty of 1925 did not guarantee the complete security of the borders of the Second Polish Republic, which should be interpreted as a foreign policy fiasco based on multilateral guarantees. The signing of the non-aggression pact with the USSR in 1932 and the Polish-German declaration of 1934 proved to be semi-successful. The interim agreements gave Poland time to better organize, and also reduced the real threat, which in fact never disappeared. However, both agreements guaranteed the illusory security of the most important borders of the Second Polish Republic, which is why Beck realized the threat from the Third Reich too late.
Both Zaleski and Beck did not pay enough attention to strengthening relations with Romania, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. As a result, Poland was forced in 1939 to hastily rebuild the system of military-political alliances. The traditionally good relations with France and the alliance with Great Britain, which was concluded too late, did not balance the aggressive policy of the Third Reich. The Second Polish Republic was deprived of external support, and its potential smaller allies were discouraged by Poland's policy of superiority, which made it impossible to establish closer relations in the belt of Central European countries. The internal success is the reorganization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the development of institutions and investments made. Zaleski had special merits in this field, who rightly noted that "only missed cases turned out to be bad business." However, this did not affect the formation of relations with countries that could be natural allies of the Second Polish Republic.
The development of American industry in the interwar period also led to an increase in the military potential of the American army and navy. In accordance with the provisions of the Washington (1922) and London (1930 and 1936) Conferences, new parities of ownership of ships by world Powers were established. This shook the former dominance of the British navy, which lost absolute hegemony in favor of the rapidly developing fleets of the United States and Japan.
In 1939, the British tried to strengthen the system of alliances by establishing closer relations with Poland, which was threatened by a German attack. Only in August, in response to the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, the allied agreement was signed, in which the Polish side hoped for British intervention in the event of aggression by the Third Reich. However, the British, unprepared for the war, could not provide protection to the ally, and their activities in 1939 were mainly limited to naval warfare. Players who enjoy casino games often look for a trusted gambling resource such as Lucky Gem Casino official website to compare different titles and features before placing any bets. Reading reviews, checking game rules, and understanding payout structures can help you make more informed decisions and manage your bankroll responsibly.